Penulis Rina P. Pamantung
r.pamantung@yahoo.com
Tien Siamando
Sam Ratulangi University, Manado
Abstract
Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi Province comes Chinese language that adopt and increasing in all over the world include in North Sulawesi area. This study talk about the Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi . Chinese culinary is one aspect of linguistics that consist of cognitive , culture, history , and social values.
The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method through a gastronomic linguistic approach.The naming theory (Palmer, 1976), the Basic Linguistic theory (Givon, 1994), the theory of vocabulary, nd the theory of meaning are used to answer this problem. The results of the study are the lingual form of Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in north Sulawesi according to the perceptions of the people of Manado in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. The word consists of several names, namely. Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi are mie, loba, caisin, miehun, bihun, cap cae, mie loba, fuyunghai , midal, cakwee, siomay, biapong, pia, miesoa, bapao, kueku, nasi capcae, lontong cap go meh, bakwan, kangkong ca, suntung ,and kwe tiaw, cakalang fufu . The meaning of Chinese food are denotative and connotative meanings. The dennotative meaning is mostly appear in Chinese culinary. Connotative meaning is found in lontong cap go meh. This food consist of lontong in general but people add word “go meh” to make it popular as “go meh” celebration. It appears as home made and in food court. Go meh means become success and have blessing, so the consumers hope will be good condition after eat lontong cap go meh. Cakalang fufu means cakalang full of happiness.
Keywords: Chinese vocabulary , culinary, form, and meaning.
INTRODUCTION
Food security is a priority program of R I. Food security include all aspects of life. Food is very necessary for humans. Various food names or terms appear in everyday life. Food is a priority in the program to maintain and improve food in RI. Chinese Vocabulary of culinary in North Sulawesi comes Chinese language that adopt and increasing in all over the world include in North Sulawesi area. Chinese food is part of the food that is often consumed by people, including North Sulawesi, the people of Manado.
Vocabulary ofs Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi comes Chinese language as one of the foods made by food makers according to the situation and conditions related to the availability of existing food ingredients, so that food becomes a variety of types of food. Glocalization indicates that the growing importance of continental and global levels is occurring together with the increasing salience of local and regional levels (Robertson, 2023). Glocalization happen too in chinese food cause it is actually known by the people of North Sulawesi province, especially the city of Manado, but during certain situations people actually know and use of food in their daily lives. An alternative that can be done by the community is to provide improvised food according to the food ingredients or raw materials available or according to the taste of the food maker so that it is delicious according tot them. Chinese food is an alternative in fulfilling daily meals for the people of Norh Sulawesi especially in Minahasa and Manado.
After observing these conditions, as a researcher in the field of language and culture, assume that the phenomenon that is currently happening in society is a gap or gap as a very interesting brilliant idea that really needs to be researched during the post-pandemic C19. The continuity of the phenomenon as empirical data deserves to be scrutinized and explored as maintenance of language and culture in North Sulawesi Province. Therefore, the problems that arise are what forms of vocabulary of Chinese in culinary (Chinese food) appear and the meanings of vocabulary of Chinese food name. Chinese fooad appear as home made and in restaurant , in celebrations too.
Related to the study of vocabulary of Chinese on culinary (Chinese food), the concepts and theories that support data analysis are as follows. There so many cuisine known in North Sulawesi such as the food of the original ethnics in Minahasa, Sangerese, and Bolaang Mongondow. One of ethnics that had affected to original ethnics is Chinese through Chinese food. Certainly, Chinese food has its name as vocabulary in linguistics view. Chinese food has its uniqueness . Its ingredients, the process of cooking and the name is very interesting to become as one of research. The naming of Chinese food dish is a linguistics practice that not only reflects culinary aspects but also embodies cognitive meanings related to a society’s culture, society, and social values. Linguistics Anthropology is a field of study that combines linguistics as a science of language scientifically and culturally from cein communities or ethnicities that have their own uniqueness that is different from other ethnicities. Practices or traditions that have a philosophy that is applied as a habit in everyday life or people who are in the Minahasa, Sanger, and Bolaang area as part of the North Sulawesi Province that have acculturation need to always be researched, studied and elevated for scientific study. Practices in the cooking process that produce authentic Chinese food products that are adopted as food in SULUT should be search the same with the other types of food. This effort can be realized because the climate and fertile soil in the mountainous or coastal areas of the North province provide raw material products for traditional food producers or makers (cooks, cooks) to be creative in creating food with a variety of ingredients from outside the food without leaving the original taste. or the aroma of traditional food. Likewise, the lingual meaning or cultural meaning of the name of the food has not changed, instead consumers will be more interested or interested in food creations full of artistic creations.
Palmer stated (1976) that naming is a process of symbolizing a concept that refers to something as a concrete reference. Naming is a matter of convention between fellow members of society.The basic theory of linguistics is a theory that supports data analysis in this study. Words are units that are collected in sentences (Givon, 1984). Syntactical rules refer to subject, object and complement. Phrases have a core (head) and an explanation (modifier). Clauses have the basic structure of alternation or derivation structure version of transformation theory (Chomsky, 1956). All sentences have a simple linear structure. Syntax, consists of independent characterization of parts of speech units, namely nouns, verbs, and adjectives, with grouping of phrasal units in the form of noun phrases (nouns and their modifiers) and verb phrases (verbs and arguments, as well as their modifiers).
1. Word
The word is a type of noun word class which is a basic word. Based on morphological theory Single words appear in words that cannot be sorted anymore.
2. Word combinations.
Word combinations consist of phrases and compound words. Noun phrases derived from nouns, verbs or adjectives.
A combination of words consisting of a combination of several words is a compound word. A clause is a simple sentence that only consists of a subject, predicate and object. Syntax analysis uses syntax theory from Givon (2003), The meaning behind the meaning such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, or figurative. Leech’s (1974) theory of meaning states that meaning consists of denotative meaning and connotative meaning. The denotative meaning is the actual meaning of the word, while the connotative meaning is the meaning or meaning outside the word. The meaning behind the meaning is like a figure of speech.
METHODOLOGY
Research on Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi province uses a qualitative descriptive method with an ethnographic approach that is phenomonological at the level of descriptive synchronic linguistics. A synchronic linguistic approach combined with gastronomy called linguistic gastronomy is used because it examines the names of food of Chinese culinary in the Manado, Minahasa, Sanger, and Bolaang Mongondow regions. The research location is the city of Manado, minahasa, Bolaang , and Sanger. Data collection always refers to the purposive sampling method which only collects data according to needs and is not random. Data collection techniques consist of observation and interviews. The data source is data in the form of language information from several informants who were selected based on the criteria set by Spreadly (1979) and Samarin (1988). The specified informants are chefs at thanksgiving events, hotel chefs, village elders, and people who often make and eat Chinese food. The data collected is identified, classified, analyzed, and described. Researchers use linguistic analysis in data analysis. The theory used in data analysis is Morphological theory (Nida, 1975) and Syntax theory (Givon, 1984). The theory used refers to the theory of naming proposed by Palmer (1976) complemented by the theory of linguistic anthropology (Foley, 1976).
DISCUSSION
The history of Minahasan society comes from China. There are so many version history about the coming of Chinese in Nort Sulawesi. The fact that the features of Minahasan people is the same with Chinese. Minahasan society too already cook the Chinese food such as, Cai sin, Cap cae, kueku, and mie. Chinese food is adopt and finally become as one of Minahasan culinary. The naming of Chinese culinary / dish according to the culture, dynasty , and the personal experience. Chinese culinary are as follows.
I. The form of Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in North Sulawesi Province
The form of Chinese culinary consist of word and phrases.
1. Word
Words are mie, biapong, pia, bakpao, fuyunghai, midal, mihun, kueku.
2. Phrase (Combination of word)
Cakalang fufu, nasi cap cae, cap cae, lontong cap go meh, mihun goring, biapong ba, biapong kacang, biapong unti, kangkong ca.
1. Word
Mie is a food that can be consume by several meat but Chinese culinary always use pork. Pork means “happiness and smiles” according to Chinese philosophy. The acculturation happened when mie as Chinese vocabulary combine with pedal as Minahasan food , so the names become Midal. It means mie in the tinutuan / pedal. The uniqueness is North Sulawesi society only know that this food come from Minahasa although it is adopt and adapted from Chinese food. It is a combination of Chinese food and Minahasan food. There are cookies as Chinese culinary such as biapong, pia , and bakpao.
2. Phrase
Phrase consist of fish, vegetable, rice, and cookies. Fish is cakalang fufu. Cakalang is fish come from the sea and fu means happiness. Chinese cuisine is so full of variation. So the chef make food so creative. Nasi capcae is a rice combine with vegetable cap cae. Cap cae consist of several vegetables such as kol, potatoes, and parrot. Those vegetables is very healthy for people and it coes from land or forest. The cookies such as biapong and pia. Those cookies had it version such as biapong become biapong unti, biapong ba, and biapong kacang. At first the original is biapong ba and spread to biapong unti as Minahasan version or biapong kacang as the cooker version. Pia consist of pi aba, pia temo, and pia kacang. Pi aba as the original, as time go byy, now it spread into pia temo, and pia kacang. Lontong is one of uniqueness cause to make it more popular it become lontong cap go meh. Go meh is a celebration of Chinese people. So lontong cap go meh means the consumers of lontong will become blessing and success if eat this lontong. Actually lontong is a general food as a mixture of several vegetable and tofu. The new one is the addition of words “ cap go meh”.
II. The meaning of Vocabulary of Chinese Culinary in North Sulawesi province
The meaning consist of denotative meaning and connotative meaning.
1. Dennotative meaning
Donnotative meaning appear in Biapong, mie, cap cae, kangkong ca, pia, fuyung hai. The vocabulary of cuisine has its real meaning. The naming comes from the raw material of foos, the process of making food (cooking) or the way of cooking.
2. Connotative meaning
Connotative meaning appear in Cakalang fufu, lontong cap go meh
Cakalang fufu is a fish that has burned use the tool of burn but not directly in fire. The fish, cakalang is burn near the fire. Fu means happiness and smile in Chinese language. So it is hoping that the consumers become smile and have happiness if consume this fish. Lontong cap go meh is lontong as general but it added words cap go meh. The purpose of adding the words cap go meh is the name become popular and it will be make the consumer happy and success after eat this lontong. The cooker make a creativity in purpose to raise the name of food and hope the good thing happen to the consumers. It is very unique cause it is not every name has their background as a personal experience by the chef or the cooker.
CONCLUSION
Vocabulary of Chinese culinary in SULUT has two forms , those are word and phrase. The meaning of Chinese culinary mostly is dennotative meaning. Connotative meaning only appeared in Cakalang fufu and lontong cap go meh.
REFERENCE
Foley, W. 1997. Anthropological Linguistics in Introduction. USA: Blackwell publisher.
Givon, T. 1984. Syntax: A Functional Typological Introduction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Leech, G. 1971. Semantics. London: Penguin Books.
Nida, E. 1975. Componential Analysis of Meaning. The Haque: Mouton
Palmer, E. 1976. Semantics. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Pamantung, R. P. 2015. Taxonomi Nomina aspek Makanan dan Minuman Khas Minahasa. Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana, Bali.
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